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ProvedTopology·1912

Hairy Ball Theorem

Every continuous tangent vector field on an even-dimensional sphere must vanish somewhere.

Formula

Theorem
v:S2nR2n+1 continuous, v(p)p pp, v(p)=0v : S^{2n} \to \mathbb{R}^{2n+1}\text{ continuous, }v(p)\perp p\ \forall p \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \exists\, p,\ v(p)=\mathbf{0}

Every continuous tangent vector field on an even-dimensional sphere must vanish at some point.

Poincaré–Hopf index theorem
iindxi(v)=χ(M)\sum_{i}\operatorname{ind}_{x_i}(v)=\chi(M)

The sum of the indices at all isolated zeros of a vector field equals the Euler characteristic of the manifold.

Euler characteristic
χ(Sn)=1+(1)n={2n even0n odd\chi(S^n)=1+(-1)^n=\begin{cases}2 & n\text{ even}\\0 & n\text{ odd}\end{cases}

Since χ(S²ⁿ) = 2 ≠ 0, no non-vanishing tangent vector field can exist. Odd-dimensional spheres have χ = 0 and do admit one.

Summary

You cannot comb the hair on a coconut flat without creating a cowlick. More precisely, every continuous tangent vector field on S² must have a zero — a consequence of the Euler characteristic χ(S²) = 2 ≠ 0. Via the Poincaré–Hopf index theorem, the indices at all zeros must sum to χ, so the obstruction is purely topological. The result generalizes to all even-dimensional spheres S²ⁿ.

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